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Giovanni Battista Bugatti (1779–1869) was the official executioner for the Papal States from 1796 to 1865. He was the longest-serving executioner in the States and was nicknamed Mastro Titta, a Roman corruption of ''maestro di giustizia'', or ''master of justice''.〔Allen, John L., Jr. 2001, September 14. "(He executed justice – papal execution Giovanni Battista Bugatti's life and work )". ''National Catholic Reporter''.〕 At the age of 85, he was retired by Pope Pius IX with a monthly pension of 30 scudi. ==Biography== He referred to his executions as ''justices'' and the condemned as ''patients''. His first execution was on March 22, 1796. Up until 1810, the method of execution was beheading by axe, hanging or mallet. The French introduced the use of the guillotine which was continued after the Papal States regained their sovereignty (first beheading by guillotine under papal reign: 1816) until the last executions. He carried out a total of 516 executions. Bugatti is described as being short and portly, and always well dressed. He frequented the church Santa Maria in Traspontina. He was married but had no children. When not carrying out his official duties, Bugatti and his wife sold painted umbrellas and other souvenirs to tourists. He could not leave the Trastevere neighborhood unless on official business. Officially this was for his own protection, in case relatives of those he had executed decided to take revenge against him. Unofficially it was probably due to superstition regarding his part-time job. On his crossing the bridge, the residents of Rome were alerted that an execution was about to take place and people would gather to witness the popular event. One of his executions, carried out on 8 March 1845 was described by Charles Dickens in his work ''Pictures from Italy'' (1846). His blood-stained clothes, axes and guillotines are on display at the Museum of Criminology at Via del Gonfalone. The guillotine is of a very peculiar build, with straight blade and V-shaped neckpiece. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giovanni Battista Bugatti」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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